Critical Analysis Of Untouchable - 1630 Words

Anand’s all novels have remarkable sense of actuality. The novels interest us primarily as an analysis of the functioning of the have-nots. These people survive in the world where there is no sanction of democracy. He is read with mixed feelings, alternately put off by his dark vision of human frailty with hope and happiness. In Untouchable, Anand conspicuously designs the contrast between Bakha’s great built-up and his menial-minor work. Each muscle of his body, hard as a rock, when it came into play, seemed to shine forth like glass. He must have had immense pent-up resources laying deep in his body, for he rushed alone with considerable skill and alacrity from one door-less latrine to another cleaning, brushing, pouring phenol (Anand†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœHarry!’ called Jimmie Thomas, irritated by the flies and flying bugs, which seemed to find the grease on his moustache and his clothes rather tasty (Anand 1936: 204). We find judicious use of dialogues intermittently. These have-nots are poor but their repartees are very rich crammed with witty and sparkling dialogues. Though, they speak in brief and erratic dialogues. Anand is always guided by his zeal to portray the contemporary reality of the have-nots. His dialogues please our ear and permanently carved in our memory. Anand’s narrative is abstracted from reality. It is an exposition of his mind, as well as of life of the have-nots. In Untouchable, Bakha began to reflect. ‘Why are we all sinners, Sahib?’ he queried. ‘We were all born sinners,’ replied the Colonel evasively the puritan in him shying at an exposition of the doctrine of original sin which seemed called for. ‘We must confess our sins. Then alone will He forgive us, otherwise we will have to suffer the eternal torment to hell. You confess your sins to me before I convert you to Christianity. ‘But Huzoor, I don’t know Yessuh Messih is. I know Ram. But I don’t know Yessuh Messih.’ ‘Ram is the god of the idolaters,’ the Colonel said after a pause and a bit absent-mindedly. ‘Come and confess your sinsShow MoreRelatedThe Indelible Problem : Mulk Raj Anand And The Plight Of1030 Words   |  5 Pages Travis www.goodreads. Com /author/quotes/6902827. Travis_ Beacham †¢ Beecher, Henry Ward. thinkexist.com/quotation/no_ man_can ...rich ...poor.../ 153242.html. †¢ Bhatnagar, Manmohan Krishna‎, Mittapalli Rajeshwar â€Å"The Novels of Mulk Raj Anand: A Critical Study.† books.google.co.in /books?isbn = 817156934X . 2000. †¢ Bhatnagar, Manmohan Krishna. â€Å"Indian Writings in English† books.google.co.in/books?isbn= 8171569307. 1996 - ‎Indic literature. (English) - Volume 9 - Page 42 †¢ Bonaparte,Napoleon.â€Å"Quotes–Softpanorama†Read MoreFinancial Statement Analysis : Financial Assessment And Future Prospects Of Business Undertakings Essay1455 Words   |  6 PagesCash Flow Statement †¢ Fund Flow Statement On the premise of the data uncovered in Financial Statements, clients of these come to think about the development, productivity, dissolvability, and monetary quality of an undertaking. Monetary Statement Analysis is an investigation which discriminatingly looks at the relationship between different components of the Financial Statements with a perspective to acquire vital and compelling data from these. It a methodology of filtering Financial Statements forRead MoreApplication of Marxist Theory of Socialism in Philippine Setting1647 Words   |  7 Pagessocialism. It seeks, rather, to present information and discussion for consideration by those who are interested in expanding their knowledge. 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In the play, Oedipus is fated to murder his father and marryRead MoreImpact Of Voltaires Contribution To Society1584 Words   |  7 PagesVoltaire’s Contributions to Society and Criminal Justice During the Age of Enlightenment, many philosophers began to spread rationalism, logic, and emphasis on scientific analysis. Few laws were written down but never publicized and only the wealthy aristocrats had access to them. This created many problems for working class people, who could be sentenced to death for something they did not even realize was punishable by death. In addition to laws being obscure, capital punishment was heavily usedRead MoreWhen Memories And Events Become Institutionalized In A1682 Words   |  7 Pagestold? Through an analysis of the Conceptual Basis for a House of European History drafted in 2008, the methodology behind museum theories, and the House of European History’s contents, this essay will argue that although are still many obstacles which have yet to be – if they can ever be – overcome, the HEH has the potential to promote a collective European memory and integration. Instead of completely scrapping the idea of the HEH, the m useum should aim to create a space where critical debate can takeRead MoreThe And Caste Discrimination By Kancha Ilaiah s Why I Am Not A Hindu Essay1534 Words   |  7 Pagesstepping stones of the ‘Subaltern Studies’, and the followers came to be called ‘subalterns’. 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Born into a family with a strong sense of culture butRead MoreAnalysis Of Friedman Friedman s The Forces That Flattened The World 1545 Words   |  7 Pagesbut its basic message was very true and accurate. The World Is Flat brings readers up to speed with what a global economy really means and highlights how far we as a country have fallen behind in regards to education, innovation, and other areas critical to the future. The author had traveled the world and collected real life information and experiences that would be eye opening for just about anyone. There are economists, who believe that the age of the United States as the economics leader willRead MoreThe Father Of Total Quality Management1720 Words   |  7 Pagesprogram to measure. II. Designing a purpose statement. III. Classifying program inputs, outputs outcomes, and efficiency indicators. IV. Setting performance targets. V. Monitoring performance. VI. Reporting performance results. VII. Concluding with analysis and action. Residents and/or citizens are consolidated in the process by having a voice in execution circumstances. A percentage of the advantages are that it lessens participatory weakness, doubt toward the administration, and crack in the middle

Planning Project Management Software - 2086 Words

Chapter 1 : Introduction to Project Management Disscussion Question 1. Briefly describe some key events in the history of project management. What role does the Project Management Institute and other professional societies play in helping the profession? Key events: ââ€" ª Manhattan Project which the U.S. military led to develop the atomic bomb. Costs almost $2 billion in 1946. ââ€" ª New Los Alamos laboratory 1946,project management was recognized as a distinct discipline requiring people with special skills and the desire to lead project teams. ââ€" ª 1917, Henry Gantt developed the famous Gantt Chart as a tool for scheduling work in factories. The profession of project†¦show more content†¦the project satisfied the customer/sponsor. even if the project met initial scope, time ans cost goals, the users of the computers or their managers might not satisfied. Perhaps the project manager or team member never returned calls or were rude. The result of the project met its main objective such as making or saving a certain amount maney, providing a good return on investement or simply making the sponsors happy. 3. What is the role of the project manager? What are suggested skills for all project managers and for information technology project managers? Why is leadership so important for project managers? How ids the job market for information technology project managers? The role of project manager divided to few ways. Project Manager job description : a project manager can have many different job description which can vary tremendously based on the organization and the project. For example, Monster.com includes thousands of job listings for project managers. They even have a job category for project/program managers. Project manager for a consulting firm, IT project manager for a financial services firm, IT project manager for a nonprofit consulting firm. Suggested skills for project managers : project managers need to have a wide variety of skills and be able to decide which particular skills are more important in different situations. Project managers should also possessShow MoreRelatedThe Community Of Community Living Trust Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesAs part of changing the way the organization works ,they decided to establish an intranet which provides operational support, employee profiling, transparency and collaboration abilities .As a result,Community living organisation has introduced a software named CLIVE (Community Living Inclusive Virtual Environment) in the year 2012 which functions as an intranet for the staffs within the company that provides convenience for multifunctional tasks. After the implementation of CLIVE 1.0 ,it faced fewRead MoreEmpirical Differences Between Agile And Devops1633 Words   |  7 PagesEmpirical differences between Agile and DevOps With the increased development of software applications, increased the demand for principles in-order to maintain quality, flexibility, cost control and maintenance. There are several models of software development, that describes the approaches to a variety of tasks or activities that takes place during the development process. In most of the traditional IT process, the collaboration between the developer teams and the operational teams is minimal andRead MoreThe Open Office Project Essay684 Words   |  3 PagesThe Open Office Project (OOP) is part of an open-source project called Open Office developed by Sun Microsystems. â€Å"The OpenOffice.org project is primarily sponsored by Sun Microsystems, which is the primary contributor of code to the Project. 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Main software capabilities include resource planning and analysis, multipleRead MoreSoftware Architecture And Methodology As A Tool For Efficient Software Engineering Process1312 Words   |  6 Pages ABSTRACT Nowadays, traditional software processes have slowly taken the place of agile software Processes. This is mostly because of traditional processes have limitations, which holds a slow modification to quickly changing requirements, and a proclivity to go over cost of project and get late back in schedule. This paper explains objectives, pros, and cons of agile and traditional processes. It is also briefly describing the Unified Process as well as common elements of the Scrum process modelRead MoreSoftware development methodology to improve planning and scheduling in web development.800 Words   |  4 PagesSoftware development methodology to improve planning and scheduling in web development. Introduction Now a days Software is an essential part of the modern society. Most of the business companies, government, organizations using IT systems in their operations. But most of the information system projects frequently fail because of the failure to meet the user requirements, insufficient budget, poor communication, poor planning and scheduling, lack of quality assurance and do not have a standard projectRead MoreSoftware Tools Used By The Knowledge Areas Of Project Management738 Words   |  3 Pages4. Software tools used in the knowledge areas of Project Management PM Knowledge Areas Software Tools Used Discussion Scope Management Wrike, Base Camp, Huddle, Microsoft Word, MS Project and PowerPoint etc. Visual tools and involving stakeholders in the software helps in gathering requirements, verbal communication, WBS and resource allocation can be managed by the software. Time Management Basecamp, Dovico, Toggl, Ace project, Wrike, MS Outlook, Google Calendar etc. Traditional software likeRead MoreSoftware And Application Lifecycle Management1327 Words   |  6 PagesSoftware is the base necessity in a system as it acts as a guide between the user and the system. Programmers design different kinds of software by writing a complete set of written instructions that enables the system to obtain the request instructed by the user. However, with the increase of technological improvements, businesses are now looking at software development organizations to design cost effective, high-quality, and adaptive applications to meet business objectives. Software businessesRead MoreThe Mythical Man Month By Frederick P. Brooks Jr. Essay1187 Words   |  5 Pagesone of the project problems mentioned in the text of the book â€Å"The Mythical Man Month† by Frederick P. Brooks Jr. In addition, I will present my answers to the questions about the intangibi lity of the software and the increasing cost connected with higher reliability requirements. The last part presents my views which dependability attributes could be most crucial in four real life systems. Body Question 1: Using The Mythical Man Month reading found on the course homepage, read the project problemsRead MoreItm 423 - Module 1 Session Long Project1153 Words   |  5 PagesTRIDENT UNIVERSITY INTERNATIONAL ITM 423: System Acquisition, System Development and Project Management Module 1: IT Systems Planning and Acquisition Session Long Project May 2014 Term May 25, 2014 Assignment: Try out your assigned project planning software and prepare a 2-3 paper addressing: * A summary description of the program, its structure and purpose * Its overall look and feel and apparent target audience * What the program does and does not give you * Your assessment

A Rose for Emily Pressures of Society Free Essays

Pressures of Society Most people desire to fit in with the social norm. People do not want to be outcasts or different. Everyone in a society tries to fit into their cookie cutter forms to make themselves just like everyone else. We will write a custom essay sample on A Rose for Emily: Pressures of Society or any similar topic only for you Order Now Society does not like those who don’t fit in and meet their standards. In the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, the main character Emily lives in a society full of high morals and monetary status. The setting plays a huge role on the actions of Emily and forces her to seclude herself from the rest of society. A Rose for Emily† takes place in post- civil war Jefferson, a small town in the deep south of the United States. The setting of the story helps illuminate the values of society during that time. Emily’s society was built on the beliefs that the white, upper-class citizens were far more superior to everyone else. Being that they were more superior, everyone was held to a higher standard. The people of Jefferson were expected to have prim and proper houses and yards, high morals, and to obey all of the town’s laws. While Emily was part of the upper-class, she did not quite fit in to society’s cookie cutter mold. Emily’s house was an eyesore to the rest of the town, she was said to be dating a gay man who was of the working class, and she did not pay her taxes. The people of the town began to question Emily’s sanity because she was not just like everyone else. â€Å"Some of the ladies began to say that it was a disgrace to the town and a bad example to the young people†¦. but at last the ladies forced the Baptist minister†¦. o call upon her. † (94-95) These actions show how much society truly wanted to change Emily’s way of life so she would fit in with them and stop ruining their image. The southern country setting with these harsh conditions led Emily to lock herself in her home in order to seclude herself from society. Emily did not feel welcome in her society. She knew that the others judged her and looked down upon her for her actions. The pressu res of society took a huge toll on Emily. The front door closed upon the last one and remained closed for good. When the town got free postal delivery, Miss Emily alone refused to let them fasten the metal numbers above her door and attach a mailbox to it. She would not listen to them. † (95). Emily felt as though she was a total outcast in her society and she became insane because of it. After her death, the town finds out that Emily had murdered her future husband. She had truly gone insane due to the pressure that society had placed on her. All in all, Emily’s harsh society that she lived in caused her to feel unwelcome and go insane. Emily felt forced into locking herself away in her home to seclude herself from society. The high moral standards that the rich white southerners place on society greatly affected the life of Miss Emily. Emily did not fit into society’s cookie cutter mold, and as a result she was ridiculed and cast away from the rest of society. The pressures of society can have a very damaging effect on those who do not fit into the social norms. How to cite A Rose for Emily: Pressures of Society, Papers

Role of Private Labels in Organic Food Market

Question: Discuss about the Role of Private Labels in Organic Food Market. Answer: Introduction According to Albert et al., (2011), the consumption of antibiotics has increased from 8.44 defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants per day (DID) in 2008 to 9.95 in 2010. With this rate of increase, the usage is seen to hit higher in the coming years. The antibiotics resistance is one of the major problems, which is able to emerge from this increased consumption (Scientific report on the effects, 2009). Some of the key factors, which lead to this trend, include the increased human development index, increase in urban area population, life expectancy, private health establishment, low literacy level and even the low percentage of population between the age of 5 and 15 years. The demand and supply of the antibiotics is seen the major economic theories which are able to control use of antibiotics. Like any business, the market will usually supply what the consumers need. On the other hand, as the antibiotics are in the market, the doctors will still recommend for their consumption. This will tend to increase the use of the antibiotics and therefore causing more resistance to the drugs. Moreover, the main theory lies on the increase of population (Albert et al., 2011). The population is able to form the basis of the market which the antibiotics products will depend on. Since the market is available, the consumption of the antibiotics will keep on increasing. As the time goes, the consumption will tend to increase with more margins since the resistance chances are high at any moment. Moreover, the private sector is in the market to produce what the market can consume at a high quantity. Therefore the private sector will manufacture more of the drugs accordin g to the demand from the population (Scientific report on the effects, 2009). This at the end will tend to increase the chances of resistance and therefore increasing the resistance. The psychological aspect theory will have on the product. From the analysis, the producers will learn about the psychological nature of the people and the use of the antibiotics. This will promote them to produce more of the drugs for consumption. The psychological nature is usually found where sick people are easily convinced to buy any time of drugs with the promise that that will get better. Even with the increased resistance of the antibiotics the demand will be seen to keep on increasing causing the increase of their use. Therefore, the behavior of the humans will tend to be naive even with knowledge of the increased resistance. Economic model The government with the effort to reduce the consumption of the antibiotics can engage on different economic models. These models are able to explain the different levels of consumption of particular commodities which may go against the rules. In addition, the government can also apply counter models to ensure that they are able to meet the different demands of the market. Like in this case, the government needs to apply some models, which will counter the increased consumption of the antibiotic and ensure that the adverse effects will not affect the consumers. First, the playing with the prices can help to enhance the reduction on the consumption. Through taxation, the government can engage on high taxes, which will tend to increase the cost of the antibiotic under consideration (Assessing the health status, 2016.) According to the microeconomic rules, the high prices will tend to reduce the demand of the commodity. Considering the following data of the prices of the antibiotics in the market and the number of consumers who are able to purchase at certain cost, it is clear that as the prices increases, the demand goes down. demand price 20 200 15 300 10 500 5 1000 1 2000 The high taxation will tend to make it unreasonable for the consumers to use this product. The increased prices will help the market changes (Candelo, Casalegno Civera, 2017). In addition, the increased prices coupled with the less consumption of the antibiotic will change the market trend from the retailers and wholesalers. Since the antibiotics will spend more time on shelves, the retailers and wholesaler will change the sale of the product since it will not be moving anymore. Even with the increased of the market base, it will be noticed that the consumption of the antibiotics is low due to the high prices which are imposed. In addition, this trend will be able to move in that change up to the manufacturer. The manufacturer will be unable to produce the antibiotics since the trend of consumption will have changed (Shegog, 2010). The government will be able to couple the demand and supply and use the price factors to control the consumption. This will help decreasing the consumpti on according to the laws of demand and supply. Critical analysis The bacterial resistance in many cases is able to increase when the high consumption of particular antibiotics is enhanced in the market. Nevertheless, the control of the consumption is usually in the hands of the government. The consumption of the antibiotics is usually able to rely on the effects, which the consumers are able to face (Assessing the health status, 2016). The government can also engage on other laws that will help to reduce the consumption of this particular antibiotic. It can engage on looking on other antibiotics in the market and help creating measures which will be able to reduce their prices and therefore increasing their consumption. The use of government avenues to reduce the cost of products such as waving the taxation, which is enhanced on them, can help to promote the reduction of consumption of the antibiotics under consideration. The government van therefore identify the key substitutes of the antibiotics and enhance their low proves (Llorens Carceln, 20 16). This trend will ensure that the market will prefer their consumption and making this antibiotic be seen as a costly in nature. Although the government will not have interfered with its price, the market will tend to shift the demand to the substitutes and therefore enhance the control of its consumption. From this point, the government will enhance its control of the consumption of the commodity. Through the increase of the demand of the substitutes, the control of the use of this antibiotic will be achieved in both short term and long term. This can work for the government especially in the free market. The control of the advertising of the antibiotics can also help to resolve the increased consumption (Abstracts for the 3rd International, 2007). The legislation can be placed which will be able to reduce the passing of the knowledge about the antibiotic existence to the market base. This will give an upper hand to other commodities on the site to enhance their consumption. The consumption of commodities is able to depend on different factors. The demand creation relates on the type of commodity and the way the market will react to it. The market may demand the use of a commodity while on the other hand the government is trying to control its consumption. Nevertheless, the economic models are in critical position to define these moments and the reasons, which may lead to market defying such regulations. Nevertheless, the government may engage on different avenues to enhance what they need and they have the rule to change market waves with these regulations (Shegog, 2010). The demand and supply rules are the area, which the government can play with in order to achieve its aim. This is where the government can use the psychology of the market and change its use with different regulations. The socioeconomic factors are able to play a key role in the consumption of these antibiotics. Conclusion In conclusion, the market is a complex environment and the changes of rules do not guarantee the consumption rates of different commodities. Nevertheless, changes in demand and supply can enhance the changes in the consumption, which the government can effectively apply. Each moment, the economic models can define one factor while the government tries to change the views. Through this, the government will turn to different avenues such as using the legislative arm and the prices to change market demands. The government is able to play with the cost, demand and supply mechanisms to enhance the different rules and regulations to reduce the consumption. References Scientific report on the effects of farming systems on dairy cow welfare and disease. (July 01, 2009). Efsa Journal, 7, 7.) Assessing the health status of managed honeybee colonies (HEALTHY-B): a toolbox to facilitate harmonised data collection. (October 01, 2016). Efsa Journal, 14, 10.) Abstracts for the 3rd International Congress on Stress Responses in Biology and Medicine and the 2nd International Congress of Stress Research, 2007. (June 01, 2007). Cell Stress amp; Chaperones, 12, 2.) Albert, A., Serrano, A. J., Soria, E. J., Jime?nez, N. V. (January 01, 2011). Clinical Decision Support System To Prevent Toxicity In Patients Treated With Digoxin. Shegog, R. (January 01, 2010). Application of behavioral theory in computer game design for health behavior change. Llorens, M., Carceln, S. (January 01, 2016). The Role of Private Labels in the Organic Food Market. Candelo, E., Casalegno, C., Civera, C. (January 01, 2017). Enhancing Retailer-Consumers Relationship through Everyday Sustainability.

India Is Developing Country Essay free essay sample

India is developing country essay We are now celebrating 60+ years of our Republic Day. But still many people are suffering from hungry, health illnesses. And people are living on pavements for not having a proper accommodation. And you can clearly witness the beggars along Rail roads, Temples When you travel or tour to India. And even in some Major Metropolitan Cities they do not have Proper public toilets or owned toilets. Especially the female gender who are doing their secretions in public places. This all shows that Media is weaving a fabricated story for increasing their T.R. P rating and increasing their Businesses. Some of the burning problems in India is facing similar to that many poor countries like Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Nepal are suffering. Some of the Problems I listed below ? Lack of Literacy and Quality Education: Especially People from North India are illiterate. The Literacy rates are very low in North Indian States. We will write a custom essay sample on India Is Developing Country Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even in the South Indian states where the Quality of Education has got decreased. State Govt. and Central Govt. has introduced certain schemes to draw the people to come to schools. But their efforts are Vain. Whenever one region people most of them are illiterate it is impossible to drive any country forward. It is as like a handicapped member in a family ? Lack of Basic Needs: The most burning problem for India is the growing population hence the basic needs like shelter, food, clothing’s are away for so many people. And there is a lot of gap between poor and rich. Where the rich are becoming richer. Where the poor are becoming poorer. And the most sufferers are Middle class family people. Their lifes are miserable. Any country will not be considered as a developed country with this Problem. ? Lack of Productiveness: Indians generally by Nature Work less and earn more . They usually rely in Business where they purchase a commodity for 1 Rupee and want to sell it for 30 Rs Profit. As this type of thinking persists India as a country will never been grown. Where still some of the important and necessary Goods are still imported from the Foreign Countries Economic Situation of India: Generally Indians are very patriotic about their country what may be the reason behind it. But a few days back I had seen a hoarding when I was going to office. In the Hoarding it is written by the Advertiser to advertise his Goods our Good will Last longer until our Rupee value become 45 rupees. I really appreciate that fellow for his efforts to awaken or enlighten the People in this Country. Final Word: The name India sounds really high in volume. But the inner thing if you see is completely muted. If you see gilt gold and original gold they look alike but the only difference and value will know when they are put in transactions

Age of the Universe essays

Age of the Universe essays The goal of the project is to find the age of the universe according to the theory that there were equal amounts of the two uranium isotopes U235 and U238 at the time of the Big Bang. At present, there are 137.7 U238 atoms for each atom of U235. We know that the half-life of U235 is 0.71 billion years, and the half-life of U238 is 4.51 billion years, we used this information to determine the age of the universe. We started by looking at the problem mathematically and then after figuring out the age of the universe with the above information. We proceeded to look for other sources of information about the age of the universe with supporting data. The two largest sources that were found were a Seattle University professor and a theory proposed by Edwin Hubble. Using the information above, we Y238(t) = Y238(0)ekt = No ekt Where No ekt is initial amount presumed equal for both isotopes. Y238(0) is the amount at Big Bang. Using the half-life formula of k = -ln2/T1. Where T1 is 4.51 in billion of years. Y235(t) = Y235(0)ekt = No ekt Y235(0) is the amount at Big Bang. Using the half-life formula of k2 = -ln2/T2. Where T2 is 0.71 in billions of years. Given these equations, they hypothesis of the problem is states that Y238(tnow) = 137.7 Y235(tnow) = 137.7 So Y238(tnow) = Y238(0) ekt = No ek2tnow = etnow(k2-K1) = 137.7 Y235(tnow) Y235(0) ekt Noek1tnow Given that tnow cancels out for both U235 and ...

Case Studies in Busines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Case Studies in Busines - Essay Example The Army has been forced to deal with several high-profile sexual harassment cases. Its former top enlisted man was court-martialed on sexual-misconduct charges, but a jury cleared him of all but an obstruction of justice count. A retired major general was convicted at court-martial of having affairs with the wives of his subordinate officers. (Scarborough, 2000) The case of sexual harassment is related to the top-ranking generals of the United States army – Lt. General Claudia Kennedy and Major General Larry Smith. The incident was occurred in October 1996. Initially, the incident was avoided even it was not confirmed that whether the inquiry was in progress or not. Later, it was confirmed that the Army inspector general (IG) was investigating Gen. Kennedys charge. Kennedy became famous and had been the focal point of the media in the year 2000 as a general who has accused another general. She lodged her complaint when she was the deputy chief of staff for intelligence that she was accused by the Major when she was a major general and assistant deputy chief for intelligence. During the case, Kenneth Bacon, spokesman for Defense Secretary William S. Cohen said that the Pentagon policy is "a zero tolerance for harassment. And thats been made clear by Secretary Cohen and by all military leaders. There are established channels for reporting allegations of harassment. And the IG is one of those channels." (Scarborough, 2000) Major General Smith gave his clarification by saying that he did not harass her and denied the charge. He told the investigation team that he only gave her a hug and perhaps a light kiss as they concluded an Oct. 11, 1996, meeting. The critiques also raised some concerns as why did she go to the army inspector general with her complaint about the Smith’s act, when he was announced to be the next deputy inspector general of the army, a

Argumentative Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Argumentative Research - Essay Example This essay will try to decide the question whether multiculturalism is good or bad for America. America has been called a melting pot of cultures since the last many decades. The situation is so prevalent that when you see whole areas of cities being taken over by a particular community like Chinese, Indians, Armenians and Latinos, you wonder if you really are in America after all. It is so surprising to see that road signs, shop signs and advertisements for products, services and even jobs are put up in Chinese, Hindi, Spanish or whatever the language of use in these parts of America. Added to this, these groups are often very protective of their rights and duties and would fight if any others want to take over their turf. They also want their own members who speak their own language to be part of the local administration at City Hall and in the police and rescue services. Of course there is Little China or Chinatown in a part of many cities but this part is locally devoted to Chinese cuisine and also sports a little of Chinese culture. As an international student in America I am glad for this although the dialect I speak may not be the same as theirs. Even a person who looks like a Chinaman is good enough to please me. So I think it is the same for people of other cultures and nationalities- that they are pleased to see and hear people who are from the same country as them or have people back in the home country. They generally get together in one area and seek to help others buy property in the same area till they form a majority and then the language is also changed to their home language and the culture becomes a set part of the landscape. According to something called diversity which is practiced in America there is a rule that if the majority of the local population is belonging to a particular culture, then there should also be adequate representation of these people in the local administration and

Financial Managment worksheet 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Financial Managment worksheet 2 - Essay Example Then the financial analysis should also incorporate the effect of finishing project A (in 5 years) and starting project C (and continuing it for 2 years) while making the decision between project A and B. If your organization grew by 10% - identify the incremental costs you would incur. What if your organization grew by 100% How/why would the costs differ Discuss this concept in relation to accounting and economic factors. The incremental cost would increase in the same proportion (10%) for some time. This is because the existing fixed cost will not change till the entire existing capacity is exhausted. Up to this stage, there will be a direct relationship between organization growth and increase in incremental costs. However, once the existing capacity is exhausted and there is a need to obtain additional equipment, plant, etc., then the fixed cost will increase as well. In this case, the relationship between incremental cost and organization growth will no longer be 1:1. From economic standpoint, the relationship between incremental cost and organization growth may not be direct even for small growth (10%). This is because there may be other economic factors to consider, for example, potential projects that may have to be let go due to organization growth in one business line. Yes, EVA has an impact on capital budgeting decisions. ... From economic standpoint, the relationship between incremental cost and organization growth may not be direct even for small growth (10%). This is because there may be other economic factors to consider, for example, potential projects that may have to be let go due to organization growth in one business line. Do EVA considerations impact capital budgeting decisions How could a company incorporate the idea of EVA into their capital budgeting decision process Yes, EVA has an impact on capital budgeting decisions. EVA is a method to calculate true economic income of an organization, and should be employed by management in making capital budgeting decisions. Since EVA is the net income of the organization adjusted after incorporating opportunity cost of the invested capital; so the capital that will be used to finance a particular budget should be able to generate enough income to meet EVA and not just financial net profits. EVA = Net income - Capital charge (cost of capital x invested capital) CASE STUDY Introduction This paper consists of financial analysis of two projects in order to select the project which will benefit the company the most. The financial calculations are provided in Appendix 'A' of the paper. The details of the projects are provided below: Project 1 Project 2 Cost $800,000 $650,000 Useful Life 10 years 8 years Salvage Value None None Incremental Sales $500,000 $375,000 Cost of Goods Sold 49% of sales 43% Advertising $50,000 10% of sales Depreciation Straight-line Straight-line Tax rate 40% 40% Discount rate 10% 10% The underlying assumption is that the two projects are equally risky. Recommendation The results of financial analysis reveal that Project 1 is better of the two

Dabhol power plant: Stakeholder management

Dabhol power plant: Stakeholder management Effective Stakeholder Management in a Project Environment Stakeholders are those individuals, corporations, public, and government bodies etc. which are directly affected by the outcome of a project. In recent times it has been seen in India that many projects have failed or delayed due to lack of proper stakeholder management. Some of the major projects which have failed or delayed are Dabhol Power Project, Tatas Nano Project in West Bengal, Reliance Dadri Project in UP and many more. These projects failed in the planning phase itself. In the Dabhol power project firstly the stakeholders were not identified in an efficient way and then communication various stakeholders was lacking. Stakeholder Management is a process which is continuous in nature and spans through the life cycle of the project. Stakeholders in a typical project company(special purpose vehicle ) can be discovered through various techniques like brainstorming, Delphi technique, etc and various other techniques included in this report. The next big thing in stakeholder manag ement is doing a stakeholder analysis through which we will be able to draw a mind map of the stake holder also we would be able to rank the stakeholder according to their influencing power on the project. Next we draw a communication plan for the stakeholders, this will include type of medium, frequency, format of communication. Communication has emerged as one of the major factor affecting a projects outcome, cost and time. The diagram below shows a general framework of stakeholder management: In this dissertation report we have taken a study of ultra mega power plant (UMPP), which are under construction and are in various stages of completion. Ultra mega power plants will have an installed capacity of 4000 MW. UMPP policy was unveiled by the Ministry of Power through Electricity Act, 2003. The government envisages power for all by 2012, which means an addition of 100000 MW to the installed capacity at the end of 10th plan. In the 10th plan India missed the targeted capacity addition by almost half of the total to be added. Power Finance Corporation (PFC) has been assigned the task of creating five special purpose vehicles (SPVs). Of the five sites identified initially for UMPP, four have been already awarded up till now. Objective To find a method of controlling time and cost over runs using a better stakeholders management techniques through the planning, implementation and closing stages of a UMPP project. Methodology The dissertation report is based on applied research. Various reports of international consultancies have been cited in this dissertation report. Data have been collected from infraline , Central Electricity Authority (CEA) websites. A detailed study has been done on new trends in stakeholder management. INDIAN POWER SECTOR To write pages and pages of theory on the power scenario in India would not be an effective way to communicate the current problems faced by this sector. The statistics given below can more effectively communicate the sense of urgency that this sector requires. A study conducted by the Manufactures Association for Information Technology (MAIT) and Emerson Network Power (India) reveals that in 2008-2009 power outages both scheduled and non-scheduled accounted for about Rs 43205 Crore losses to Indian Inc. This amount was Rs 22000 Crore in the year 2003. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK IN POWER SECTOR In India, control over the development of the power industry is shared between the Central and the State Governments. The Ministry of Power is the highest authority governing the power industry in India. The CEA, a statutory organization constituted under the Electricity Supply Act, is the technical branch of the Ministry of Power assisting in technical, financial and economic matters relating to the electricity industry. The CEA is responsible for giving concurrence to schemes involving capital expenditure beyond a certain limit as fixed by the government from time to time, and it is also responsible for the development of a sound, adequate and uniform power policy in relation to the control and utilization of national power resources. The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission constituted under the Electricity Regulatory Commissions Act1998 is an independent statutory body with quasi-judicial powers. Its main functions include the formulation of policy and the framing of guideli nes with regard to electricity tariffs. Several states have set up State Electricity Regulatory Commissions (SERCs) and others are in the process of setting them up. The SERCs are engaged in regulating the purchase, distribution, supply and utilization of electricity, tariff and charges payable, as well as the quality of service. State Governments have set up State Electricity Boards at the State level, which are responsible for ensuring that the supply, transmission and distribution of electricity in such states is done in the most economical and efficient manner. These State Electricity Boards are required to coordinate with power generating companies, as well as the government entities that control the relevant power grids. Some States have amalgamated their respective State Electricity Boards to form Regional Electricity Boards, to ensure that the electricity supply, transmission and distribution policies are consistently applied. Private sector companies operating in the electr icity supply, transmission and distribution industry report to the Ministry of Power, as well as their respective State Electricity Boards and their State Electricity Regulatory Commissions. Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPPs) There is a great difference between the supply and demand of electric power in India. According to CEA monthly report in January2010 the peak deficit was 12.2 % i.e. 112029 MW. A KPMG1 report sites that per capita consumption of electricity is 700 units in India, 1800 units in China and 15000 units in USA while the world average is 2300 units. Therefore to bridge this deficit and raise per capita consumption, the government came out with reforms through electricity act, 2003. Ultra Mega Power Projects are part of these reforms, in which power plants with an installed capacity of 4000 MW, with an estimated cost of Rs 16000 Crore, will be constructed across the country. The nodal agency for UMPP program will be Power Finance Corporation (PFC). Nine sites have been selected for construction of UMPP. Five sites are coastal sites, while four are pithead sites. PFC has set up separate Special Purpose Vehicles(SPVs) for each of the nine UMPPs identified so far as to act as authorized representatives of the procurers. The SPVs have been named after the name of the site. All the 9 SPVs are wholly owned subsidiary of Power Finance Corporation Limited. Akaltara Power Limited is renamed as Chhattisgarh Surguja Power Ltd (CSPL). The main features of the Ultra Mega Power Projects (UMPP) are:- The UMPP would use Super Critical Technology with the view to achieve higher levels of fuel efficiency, which results in saving of fuel and lower green-house gas emissions. Flexibility in unit size subject to adoption of specified minimum supercritical parameters. Integrated power projects with dedicated captive coal blocks for pithead projects. Coastal Project to use imported coal. Role of Ministry of Power (MoP):- Coordination with Central Ministries/Agencies to make sure:- Coal Block allotment/coal Linkage Environment/Forest Clearances Water Linkages Required support from State Governments and their agencies Working out allocation of power to different states from UMPPs consultation with the states. Facilitating PPA and proper payment of security mechanism with State Governments/State Utilities. Monitoring the progress of shell companies with respect to predetermined timelines. Role of Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV) Appointment of consultants to undertake preparation of Project Report, preparation of rapid Environment Impact Assessment. Appointment of Consultants for International Competitive Bidding (ICB), document preparation evaluation. To finalise RFQ/RFP documents in consultation with states / bidders. To carry out RFQ/RFP process and award of projects. Acquisition of land for the project. Obtaining coal blocks for pit-head projects. Getting clearances regarding allocation of water by the state Govt. for pit head locations. Approvals for use of sea water from Maritime Board/ other Govt. Agencies for coastal locations. Obtain clearances from state pollution control boards, initiate forest clearances etc. as required for the project and for the coal mines, followed by environment and forest clearances from the central government. Obtaining geological reports / other related data from CMPDI for the coal blocks. Tie up the off take/ sale of power. Role of States Rehabilitation Resettlement PlanLand Owners Give authorization to the PFC/SPV to carry out the bidding process on behalf of the distribution utilities. Facilitate signing of the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) Ensure proper payment security mechanism with the distribution utilities. Sasan Power Ltd Sasan is situated in Singrauli district of Madhya Pradesh. Singrauli is the 50th district of the state, Madhya Pradesh. Singrauli is known as the Energy Capital of India. It has the 10 % of the total installed capacity of India. The district also has large deposits of coal in nearby coal fields. River Rihand has a dam on it known as Govind Vallabh Pant Sagar Dam. Thus Singrauli provides excellent conditions for thermal power generation. Sasan UMPP is a pit head-based thermal power project with an aggregate capacity of 3,960MW (6660 MW) using supercritical technology. The project also involves development of captive coal blocks, viz Moher, Moher-Amlohri Extension and Chhattrasal at the Singrauli coalfields to meet the coal requirements of the power project. *. Thus fuel risk is being managed by the SPV on its own. Therefore risk of fuel shortage is minimised, giving a positive impact on the project. The location of the project itself reduces many risks like availability of fuel and water. Both coal mines and a reservoir are available in the vicinity. On other hand the area is less densely populated thus problem of land acquisition automatically got resolved. The Bidding Process Sasan UMPP was awarded through a two stage competitive bidding process. Lanco infratech and Globeleq Singapore Pte Ltd ( a Singapore based firm) were declared winners after they quoted the lowest bid for the project of Rs 1.196 / Kw, in dec2006. In Feb2007 Globeleq Ltd, Bermuda, parent company of Globeleq Singapore, sold its Singapore business arm to Jindal Steel and Power Ltd and Lanco Infratechs, Mauritius based holding company. This move was challenged by the rival bidders in the court. The government declared the bid of Lanco Infratech ltd -Globeleq Singapore Pte Ltd. as invalid. A week later Reliance Energy submitted a fresh bid of Rs 1.19/ Kw. Consequently the project was awarded to a consortium Reliance Infra Ltd. this consortium consists of Reliance Infra Projects UK Ltd (RIPUL), an affiliate of REL Infra. Sasan Power Ltd. (SPL) had invited bids on behalf of state electricity boards/ electricity distribution companies/ state electricity utilities of Madhya Pradesh, Delhi, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab, Haryana, Rajasthan and Chhattisgarh on 31st Mar2006. Technical Requirement for the bidders:- Should have experience of developing projects ( not necessarily power projects) in the last 10 years whose aggregate capital cost must not be less than Rs. 3000 Crores. Out of these projects , the capital cost of at least one project should be equivalent to Rs. 500 Crores. For the purpose capital expenditure on the projects that have been completed at least 7 days before the RFQ submission date shall be considered. Lead member shall be the company having at least 26% stake in the Bidding Consortium. Financial Requirement for the bidders:- Internal resource generation equal to atleast Rs. 1200 Cores or equivalent US$ computed as cumulative internal resources generated during last five years business operations, networth of Rs. 1000 Crore or equivalent US$ based on any of the past three years annual accounts and annual turnover of Rs. 2400 Crores or equivalent US$ based on any of the past three years annual accounts. The financial requirements of each Member in Bidding Consortium shall be combined in proportion to the investment commitment by each of them. Enclosures with the bid proposal:- Covering Letter Joint Deed Agreement between Members in Bidding Consortium. Letter of consent from all Members in Bidding Consortium. Board Resolution. Initialling of all pages of Bid by authorized signatory. Executive Summary. Last five year annual Accounts of Bidding Company or each of the Member in case of a Bidding Consortium. Reliance Infra Ltd. Reliance Infra Ltd. is the flagship company of Anil Dhirubhai Ambani Group (ADAG). The company develops and operates power plants both domestically and internationally. The company on its own and through subsidiaries is currently developing 13 medium and large sized power projects with a combined planned installed capacity of 28,200 MW, one of the largest portfolios of power generation assets under development in India. 13 power projects are planned to be diverse in geographic location, fuel type, fuel source and off-take, and each project is planned to be strategically located near an available fuel supply or load center. The identified project sites are located in western India (12,220 MW), northern India (9,080 MW) and north-eastern India (2,900 MW) and southern India (4,000 MW). They include six coal-fired projects (14,620 MW) to be fueled by reserves from captive mines and supplies from India and abroad, two gas-fired projects (10,280 MW) to be fuelled primarily by reserves from the Krishna Godavari Basin (the KG Basin) off the east coast of India, and four hydroelectric projects (3,300 MW), three of them in Arunachal Pradesh and one in Uttarakhand. Reliance Power has acquired the two ultra mega power projects of 4,000 MW each at Sasan in Madhya Pradesh and Krishnapatnam in Andhra Pradesh. The 7,480 MW project to be located at Dadri in Uttar Pradesh is expected to be the largest gas-fired power project at a single location in the world. The power generated by these projects is to be sold under a combination of long-term and short-term PPAs to state-owned and private distribution companies and industrial consumers. Reliance Power limitedtoday has total generating capacity of 941 megawatts from five different plants located in Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Karnataka and Goa, of which the Dahanu plant (Maharashtra) is the largest with 500 megawatts. Reliance Power is currently pursuing several gas, coal, wind and hydro-based power generation projects in Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh and Uttaranchal with aggregate capacity of over 12,500 MW. These projects are at various stages of development. 5,600 MW Project (Phase I) at Dhirubhai Ambani Energy City (DAEC), Dadri in Uttar Pradesh 4,000 MW Power Project at Shahapur in Maharashtra 280 MW Urthing Sobla Hydro Power Project in Uttaranchal 700 MW Hydro Power Project at Tato II and 1,000 MW Hydro Power Project at Siyom, both in Arunachal Pradesh The 941 MW Generation capacity of the Reliance Power comes from five projects: Dahanu TPS the 2250 MW multi fuel based thermal power station at Dahanu near Mumbai. BSES Andhra Power Limited: The 220 MW combined cycle power plant at Samalkot in Andhra Pradesh. BSES Kerala Limited: The 165 MW combined cycle power station at Kochi, Kerala. Goa Power Station : The 48 MW naptha based combined cycle power plant at Goa Chitradurga wind farm: The 8 MW Wind Farm Project at Jogimatti in the district of Chitradurga in Karnataka. Reliance Infra Ltd is also in the distribution and the transmission business. Reliance is already maintains a distribution network in Mumbai (Maharashtra) and Delhi, with the name BSES (BOMBAY SUBURBAN ELECTRICITY SUPPLY). Its transmission business is with the business arm, Reliance Power Transmission Limited (RPTL). Chapter 3 STAKEHOLDER MANAGEMENT Stakeholder has specific interest in the project outcome or in the initial stages of project planning, implementation and closing. If the stakeholder interest is not managed efficiently the project may get delayed or it may fail. We can say that with stakeholder management we are actually managing various risk associated with the project. Thus for efficient risk management, the project manager should have sound knowledge about the stakeholders interests, power and influence, to achieve this, one has to identify and analyse the stakeholders. Almost any person or organization with an interest in a project can be termed a stakeholder. The type and interest of a stakeholder are of great importance to a project manager since they enable him or her to use these to the greatest benefit of the project. The process of listing, classifying and assessing the influence of these stakeholders is termed stakeholder analysis. Stakeholders can be divided into two main groups: Direct (or primary) stakeholder Indirect (or secondary) stakeholder Direct stakeholder This group is made up, as the name implies, of all those directly associated or involved in the planning, administration or execution of the project. These include the client, project sponsor, project manager, members of the project team, technical and financial services providers, internal or external consultants, material and equipment suppliers, site personnel, contractors and subcontractors as well as end users. In other words, people or organizations directly involved in all or some of the various phases of the project. Indirect stakeholders This group covers all those indirectly associated with the project such as internal managers of the organization and support staff not directly involved in the project including the HR department, accounts department, secretariat, senior management levels not directly responsible for the project, and last but not least the families of the project manager and team members. A sub-section of indirect stakeholders are those representing the regulatory authorities such as national and local government, public utilities, licensing and inspecting organizations, technical institutions, professional bodies, and personal interest groups such as stockholders, labour unions and pressure groups. Each of these groups can contain: Positive stakeholders: who support the aims and objectives of the project Negative stakeholders: who do not support the project and do not wish it to proceed. Direct stakeholders mainly consist of positive stakeholders as they are the ones concerned with the design and implementation of the project with the object of completing it within the specified parameters of time, cost and quality/performance. They therefore include the sponsor, project manager and the project design, construction/installation teams. This group could also have negative stakeholders such as employees of the end user, who would prefer to retain the existing facility because the new installation might result in relocation or even redundancy We can divide the stakeholders based on various project requirements. The stakeholders a project are: Government-Central-State Governments, Government Organisations, Regulator Finance-Banks, Financial Institutions Concessionaire-Project Manager, Project Team Members Consessionee-Government Organisations Technology-Suppliers, Technology owners Environment Government Ministry, International Watchdog Land-Land owners Water-Ministry of Water Resources Fuel-Coal Ministry Stakeholders in a Business A successful business first identifies its key stakeholders and identifies their needs. A company can accomplish its stakeholder goals only by managing and linking work processes. High-performance companies are increasingly focussing on the need to manage core business process such as new product development. They are reengineering the work flows and building cross functional teams responsible for each process. For a business the stakeholders may be as following: Importance of Stakeholders Management Powerful stakeholders can influence the project in a big way Powerful stakeholders can help the project in securing important resources. Experienced stakeholders can guide the project managers during tough times. Communicating with the stakeholders early and often can make the stakeholders understand the benefits of the outcome of the project. It leads to understanding the reactions of the stakeholders during the progress of the project and thus the project manager can do the needful changes if required in the project. Stakeholder Analysis process: Stakeholder Identification The first step in stakeholder analysis is the identification of the key stakeholders. When the project manager starts identifying project stakeholders , he should do an organised study by giving the projects geographic sphere of influence. Here consider not only the main project site, but also the related project facilities, like the road to the site, cumulative affect of the project outcome or unplanned but predictable developments. Using this type of analysis to determine the projects area of influence and finding out that who all may be affected in this manner. This process will reveal those stakeholders, who are directly influenced by the project, may be by use of land , or by the effect to the nearby environment or by the process of new job creation. One of the techniques used for stakeholder identification is impact zoning Impact Zoning @ By mapping the sphere of influence of different types of environmental and social impacts, the project company can begin to identify distinct groups by impact area, and from this prioritize stakeholders for consultation. Steps in Impact Zoning Draw a sketch map of the key design elements of the project, both on and off site, that may give rise to local environmental or social impacts (e.g., the project site; ancillary infrastructure such as roads, power lines, and canals; sources of air, water, and land pollution). Identify the large impact zones for each of the elements Next over lay , the large stakeholder groups, over the impact zones. Through consultation with relevant stakeholder representatives, verify which groups are potentially affected by which impacts. This exercise may be performed more efficiently by using aerial photographs. The other common technique of stakeholder identification is brainstorming Chapter 4 COMMUNICATION One of the largest contributing factors for project failure or delay is lack of proper communication with the stakeholders. When communication is limited to periodic reports stakeholders, can be in dark as to when the project begins to slip. It may slip to a point, from where it is very difficult to recover the project. The remedy is consistent, frequent and candid communication. The project manager uses plans, agreements and status reports to communicate with the stakeholders and manage their expectations. In addition, as with everything on a project, a solid plan improves the probability of success. Every project should have a communication plan, a written strategy for getting the right information to the right people at the right time. The stakeholders identified in the SOW and responsibility matrix are the audience for most project communication. Information management In todays world, where there are ample mediums for communication, there is no shortage of information but instead there is abundance of information, which the stakeholder is not able to handle in the right way. Data and Information Information is always tied to the purpose of the stakeholder. Information is based on data, which is useful only when it is organised in a meaningful manner. It is the responsibility of the project manager to provide information to the stakeholder in a manner which is useful to them. Information can be classified as i) Relevant Information ii) Used Information iii) Cassandra Information. Therefore it is important to feed the right amount of information which can be used by the stakeholders. Otherwise it would lead to increased spending, increased confusion and consequently time delay in project completion. Guidelines to make a communication plan Use precise short status reports: obese reports are overwhelming for a busy audience. Determine what should go into the status report, by interviewing the stakeholders what they want. Different stakeholders may want reports on different aspects of the project. Have an escalation procedure: these are the procedure to elevate problem to senior management. Make the information timely: Executive sponsors may want reports less frequently than your immediate manager. Make sure regular status meetings are included in the plan: Many stakeholders may require meetings on project status as and when needed, i.e. only when there is big event or problem. By including schedule meetings in the communication plan, customers and higher level managers are agreeing to be more informed about the project- which avoids unpleasant surprises in the project. Be consistent with other projects: As much as possible, your project documentation should have the same look and content as other projects in your organisation. If there are standards, use them. If not, find good examples from good examples from other projects which have same stakeholders. Use multiple channels of communication: websites, newsletters, and project bulletin boards can be used to post information of interest to all stakeholders. These communication mediums complement status reports because they can provide a wider scope of information. Finally, realize what you say in the written report may come across differently when you present it verbally, so consciously include face to face meetings in your communication plan. Communication Medium Choosing the right kind of medium for the right kind of stakeholders is again an area to be looked into. A communication medium should have the following characteristic: It should be easily accessible. It should be fast. It should be recoverable later at anytime It should be cost effective. It should be easy to use. There are many communication mediums available today. It depends on the project manager to use which kind of medium to communicate to a particular stakeholder. Below there is alist of mediums available: E-mail: the use of electronic mail continues to be extensive. Some contend that email is an overused (and sometimes inappropriately used) medium. It is certainly convenient to use for most of the people. And it reaches widely dispersed and distant recipients quickly, although there is no guarantee that the recipient will read the message immediately. It automatically provides the record for the sender and the receiver. Also as it is with other written messages, email messages are also subject to misinterpretation. With the ease, by which email messages can be forwarded, one should be careful about what one write in the email. Overall email is a convenient medium of communication. Telephone: Calling someone on the telephone can be an immediate interactive method of communication, without creating a permanent, written record. Phone conversation allows you to hear voice inflections, although obviously you cannot view body language. Although an upbeat phone call is considered warmer than a written note, it doesnt have the same effect as a personal visit or any other face-to-face interaction. Unanticipated phone calls are subject to the same shortcomings or advantages of impromptu communications. Voice Mail: When people dont answer their phone, you can often rely on voice mail. This may create issues for you, if youre not careful. When you place a call, youre often expecting a dialogue. If youre forced to use voice mail, you must immediately convert your message to a monologue, which doesnt always come out sounding as youd like it: the message can become awkward or confusing for the recipient. And, as with e-mail, theres no guarantee that the message will be received in a timely manner. Handwritten Notes: Probably the most informal of the all communication modes are the handwritten notes. Short hand written notes are an excellent way to provide positive recognition. Although they take very little effort, they convey the personal touch much more than the verbal approaches or formal memos or emails. The drawback of these kind of notes is that they are geographically limited. Printed and Mailed Memos and letters: with the advent of email, memos and letters are now generally reserved for more formal or official communication. They are slow and one sided, but good when formal signatures are required and a permanent record is desired. Hence, printed, mailed memos and letters are still used in contractual transactions. Informal Visits: A visit is simply an informal and personal way to maintain a communication link with a stakeholder. Although you may not be carrying any important message, an informal visit can often lead to a more valuable or productive communication session than you might have expected from a formal communication. Informal visits are also appropriate when confidential, personal, or sensitive subjects need to be covered. Formal Presentations: Formal Presentations are often used in situations where the distribution of information may be enhanced by an explanation or the information is too complex for written documentation. Formal presentations are often done in a group setting, thus ensuring that everyone gets the same level of understanding. They allow for impressive graphical displays of information, but often require a lot of preparation. Theyre effective when youre trying to promote understanding, enlist support, or expedite a decision (e.g., management approval to proceed). However, formal presentations can be challenging or risky, as you rarely have control over the entire session. And, if poorly done, they may do more harm than good. Communication through Project Management Software: This method of communication is unique. This is a new f When Harry Met Sally: Analysis of Communication When Harry Met Sally: Analysis of Communication When Harry Met Sally and Children of a Lesser God When Harry Met Sally†¦ (1989) is a romantic comedy that breaks out of the norm of the genre with some very real messages about interpersonal communication between both genders and how we handle different situations differently. According to IMDB the plot of the movie goes: in 1977, Harry Burns (Billy Crystal) and Sally Albright (Meg Ryan) graduate from the University of Chicago and share the drive to New York City, where Sally is beginning journalism school and Harry is starting a career. Harry is dating a friend of Sallys, Amanda (Michelle Nicastro). During the drive, they discuss their differing ideas about relationships between men and women. Harry says that Men and women cant be friends because the sex part always gets in the way. Sally disagrees, claiming that men and women can be strictly friends without sex. During a stop in a diner, Sally is angered when Harry tells her she is attractive; she accuses him of making a pass at her. In New York, they part on unfriendly terms . Five years later, Harry and Sally find themselves on the same flight. Sally has just started dating a man named Joe (Steven Ford) who is a neighbor of Harrys and Harry is engaged to a woman named Helen, which surprises Sally. Harry suggests they become friends, forcing him to qualify his previous rule about the impossibility of male-female friendships. Despite Harrys suggestions of exceptions to that rule, they separate, concluding that they will not be friends. Harry and Sally run into each other again in a bookstore five years later. They have coffee and talk about their previous relationships; Sally and Joe broke up because she wanted a family and he did not want to marry, and Harrys relationship ended when Helen fell in love with another man. They take a walk and decide to be friends. They have late-night phone conversations, go to dinner, and spend time together. Their dating experiences with others continue to inform their differing approaches to relationships and sex. During a New Years Eve party, Harry and Sally find themselves attracted to each other. Though they remain friends, they set each other up with their respective best friends, Marie (Carrie Fisher) and Jess (Bruno Kirby). When the four go to a restaurant, Marie and Jess hit it off; they later become engaged. One night, over the phone, Sally tearfully tells Harry that her ex is getting married. He rushes to her apartment to comfort her, and they unexpectedly have sex, resulting in an awkward moment the next morning as Harry leaves in a state of distress. This creates tension in their relationship. Their friendship cools for three weeks until the two have a heated argument during Jess and Maries wedding dinner. Following this fight, Harry repeatedly attempts to mend his friendship with Sally, but she feels that they cannot be friends after what happened. At a New Years Eve party that year, Sally feels alone without Harry by her side. Harry spends New Years alone, walking around the city. As Sally decides to leave the party early, Harry appears and declares his love for her. At first, she argues that the only reason he is there is because he is lonely, but he disagrees and lists the many things he realized he loves about her. They make up and kiss and marry three months later. Harry and Sally communicate in very different ways which is evident from the beginning of their journey to New York. Right from the beginning of their journey, Harry and Sally start to try and get to know each other on their long drive. Sally is obviously a more positive, upbeat and open individual. She maintains this character throughout most of the film during her communications with her friends and with Harry.   Her openness with others is very in line with how we view feminine communication. Harry, on the other hand, comes across more like a typical male. He is more closed off, seems detached when he talks about things that should be more emotional, and tries to make light when conversations turn more serious.   He also focuses a lot on the more sexual aspect of his relationships than in really developing emotional attachments. Sally thinks of Harry as rude and insensitive while Harry thinks she is obsessive and very naive. When they try to talk to each other, he makes just a bout everything into a debate, doing report talk instead of rapport talk. He always has to have the last word and isnt afraid to crack jokes and hardly ask questions. After bumping into his ex wife, Harry gets frustrated and yells about the difficulties of divorce while at Jess and Maries apartment. He then leaves the apartment, and Sally has to approach him to talk about it. When Sally learns that her ex boyfriend is getting married, she reacts with sadness instead of anger and calls Harry to talk about it. Differences can also be seen after Harry and Sally sleep together. The morning after, Sally is happy and approachable while Harry is uncomfortable and distant. This is because usually for women, intimacy leads to sex and for men, sex leads to intimacy. As the movie goes on, the two start to become friends after each little meet up they have and they no longer resent each other like they did all those years ago. Harry opens up about Helen while Sally keeps the details about Joe to herself until the very end. Their communication skills cross due to Harry and Sally both talking to each other on the phone before going to bed. They even do activities together such as shopping or eating out together. By the end of the film, Harry is more descriptive when he talks to Sally such as why he enjoys being with and around her. Interpersonal communication is seen throughout this film which is defined as interacting with others over the phone and face-to-face to build a relationship. Harry and Sally absolutely experience a relationship of this type. Harry and Sally really start exchanging feelings and personal things to each other after their first get together. Sally learns about Helen and Harry about Joe. They connect and decide to be friends and hang out and talk more often. They try to help each other get dates which leads to the double date with Jess and Marie. They spend a lot of time going out to eat, shopping together, and talking on the phone. They care about how the other is feeling and desire to keep the other happy. Their relationship became one of interpersonal communication after they learned of each others recent heartbreak. They were both going through the same thing and wanted to spend more time with someone they could relate with. 3. Does S have a need to disclose herself in early confrontations with H? Is this appropriate/inappropriate for the relationship? Is this just a style of communicating? Is it gender based? Explain. I believe that Sally does feel the need to disclose herself during her early encounters with Harry. She seems easily goaded into divulging intimate details about her life. I dont think that it was necessarily appropriate or not, just her reaction to Harrys behavior and communication style. Perhaps it speaks of the feminine pressure to please others with whom we communicate with Sally feels a need to disclose herself in early confrontations with Harry because he is making assumptions about her. When he says that she hasnt had good sex yet she feels a need to tell him that she has had plenty of good sex. This is inappropriate for the relationship because they have just met each other and Harry is dating Sallys friend. I think this style of communicating is gender based because men tend to disclose less in relationships, so the conversation is focused mostly on Sallys life. Since Harry and Sallys first meeting was off to say the least, the two seemed very incompatible at the very beginning. Harry seemed very rude and blunt when asking such personal questions while Sally was very naive and kept to herself about such personal questions such as Harry asking her about having lots of good sex. With their two personalities clashing at almost all times, it was hard to hold a conversation that didnt end up as a debate or small argument. Hence when Harry told Sally that she was good looking. To Sally it was inappropriate because Harry was dating one of her friends at that time. I feel it was harmless to say the least, but I can understand both sides and why Sally didnt want him to say that she was attractive. Especially when Harry keeps insisting that a man and a woman cant be friends. Which is another reason why I think the two of them always seemed to debate and argue. So Harry could keep his point. CLG 1. From their very first meeting, there was obvious dialectical tension between Sarah and James. She being a former deaf student and James being a transferred teacher to help teach deaf students to speak. Since Sarah had a tough time growing up with her sisters friends making fun of her, she was afraid to speak and decided that she would surround herself in her own little world of silence. If no one could communicate with her through her world, she wouldnt make an effort to do the same. She was completely happy with this world she created herselfuntil she met James. He was determined to get to know her, intrigued immediately by her vow of silence and the way she refused to let anyone get close to her. Including her mother he later finds out. They agree to try and get to know one another, both seeming interested in each others world. After simply their first dance together, you can see an obvious longing in the way Sarah seems to melt in Jamess embrace. Her happiness in her silence is a lie. Though shes still afraid of the unknown world James is providing for her. When he suggests she move in and let him take care of her, she panics; her deafness being her own personal shield to the outside world. Sarah even says that no one can understand her when James asks what she can hear. In the end, they agree to meet in the middle, not having a complete world of silence or vocally speaking. This dialectical tension connecting them in the end. 2. The pool for Sarah is her own personal haven. Underwater, youre completely submerged and cant hear a thing. Also, considering she swam naked, she is completely exposed and comfortable. She feels one with the pool because in the water, you dont have to speak. Underwater, everything is still. Its that silence she craves such as her job as a janitor. Sarah feels safe and herself in the pool. So when James falls into the pool after her, he enters her domain. That was her way of seeing he actually cares about her; that he would enter her safe haven, fully clothed, just to be with her and understand her sense of ease and stillness she loves so much. James also enters the pool again during their separation by himself, staying under the water and even reaching out towards where Sarah was before. The pool is the way James can connect with how Sarah hears and sees the world. 3. The social exchange theory states why people are drawn to each other through substantial benefits. For example, when James first sees Sarah, he is drawn in by her stubbornness and not to mention her beauty. He wants to teach her to speak and is so desperate in anyway to get her to conform. He makes a promise that she doesnt have to ever speak, but breaks it during a heated moment. He apologizes for it and I think that stayed with Sarah for a while. She kept backing away while he kept pressing forward. Eventually, during an argument Sarah finally speaks, letting him hear how awful she sounds when shes screaming that shes a freak before running out on him. Their relationship is very back and forth, fitting the social exchange theory to a T. 4. The social penetration theory is quite obvious the entirety of the film. Right from the get go, Sarah makes it almost impossible for James to even hold a conversation with him; she constantly walks away, sits when he stands up, and outright ignores him. When they finally start to talk its very basic. They talk about school, work, etc. They dont talk about deeper topics until much later. After James meets Sarahs mother and talks about her past, theres a breakthrough. Sarah finally opens up a little to let him know about why she never speaks. They However by the end of the film, they both agree they need to still be their separate selves but meet somewhere in the middle. She admits that she doesnt want to be without him and that she even loves him. And thats a huge step for Sarah. The uncertainty reduction states that each person in a relationship wants and needs certainty. James gives Sarah that when he makes a promise that he wont ask her to speak. However, as I stated before, he asks her to say his name in a heated moment and breaks that certainty for Sarah. Lastly, the existential theory takes place throughout the entirety of the film from Sarahs perspective. She had grown up without anyone listening to her or even trying to understand her. She was made fun of for trying to be normal as a child by trying to talk. That scared her. The fact James keeps reminding her that hes there and wants to be with her and take care of her gives her the opportunity to finally open up to a new world. One that isnt so silent but one thats also not too loud. 1) Discuss the dialectical tension of autonomy and connection in James and Sarahs relationship? There is a lot of tension of autonomy and connection in Sarah and James relationship. Sarah doesnt have a fulfilling life of her own upon meeting James. She has not reached her potential and is working as a janitor at the school she has attended since the age of 5. James has done many things to build his career, impressing the head of the school with his resume during his job interview at the beginning of the film. This causes problems in their relationship because James wants to provide for Sarah (he gets her to quit her job and move in with him) but also wants her to be able to provide for herself (he wants her to learn to speak so she can get along in life). Sarah wants to provide for herself, but fears that she cant, saying that she is not trained for any job that will bring her fulfillment and security. Towards the end of the film, Sarah starts a new job and intends to go to college with her earnings so that she can reach her full potential. Only then, when they can both provide for themselves separately, will they reach a healthy autonomy and connection. 2) What does the pool represent for Sarah? I think the pool represents connection. When James asks Sarah what her experience of sound is like, she answers by saying that no one has been inside her head she could answer his question, but that doesnt mean he will understand. Underwater is somewhere where that question doesnt matter. It is where James can have a shared sensory experience with Sarah. At the end of the film, the couple agree to find a place to connect that is between sound and silence, and the pool was the place where that first happened. 3) Now that you have read ch 9, what about this Social exchange theory? Do Sarah and James fit the theory? Explain. The social exchange theory proposes that relationships are based on exchanges of give and take made to maximize benefits and minimize detriments. I think Sarah and James fit this theory. James is drawn to Sarah because she is unique, beautiful, and someone he sees as needing his help. James is a teacher, so he gets fulfillment from helping others. Sarah is drawn to James because he accepts her and can provide security for her. She quits her job and moves in with him so that they can try to have the traditional life he wants. They both experience give and take in the relationship, but because Sarah has not yet reached her full potential in life, the exchanges do not seem balanced. At the end of the film, when James lets go of trying to help Sarah and she chooses her own path in life, the relationship begins a new course of equilibrium. 4) Discuss how Social Penetration theory, uncertainty reduction, and existential theory is evident in the movie (look in the Baxter article). In the Social Penetration Theory, people must share some of themselves for a relationship to grow while keeping some of themselves separate or the relationship will deteriorate. This is evident in the film after Sarah and James begin living together, because they start to lose their individuality. Sarah leaves a party she is enjoying because James is bored. James does not listen to music anymore because Sarah cannot enjoy it. At the end of the film, Sarah states that they must learn to be separate but equal. In the Uncertainty Reduction Theory, people have an equal desire for predictability and novelty in relationships. In the film, Sarah wants predictability. She lives at the same school she has for almost her entire life, knowing that the staff understand her ways and will not try to change her. When James arrives, he tries to get her to break down her walls and learn to speak. The Existential Theory states that a persons desire to be open with others is balanced with a desire for privacy. Sarah willingly tells James about her sexual encounters quickly after they meet, but she never wants to speak in front of him, even after they have become very close. 1. After watching the movie, it is clear there are many sources of tension on Sarah and James relationship. The couple grows close intimately, but they are separated in many ways, some more obvious than others. The first and most obvious factor keeping the couple apart is speech. Sara cannot speak, and while they are able to communicate through sign, she refuses to even attempt to read lips or produce noise. James says he is okay with this, but once or twice he begs her to try to make noise and say his name, which upsets Sarah so much it starts the end of their relationship. Sarah also has some issues of her own which are keeping the couple apart. Her fear of getting hurt like she did when she was younger have made her cold and angry, and it takes James a long time to even have a real conversation with her. When James finally does convince Sarah to go to dinner, and agrees and while dancing, she shows a tender side that lets James know she craves human connection. His persistant ques tions about her past and why she acts the way she does, why she refuses to admit she has been hurt, why she is afraid to speak coupled with Sarahs complex and silent demenour are enough to break the couple apart. Towards the end of the movie, Sarah admits she misses him, and the two agree to try again and come to a middle ground between silence and speech. 2. In my opinion, for Sarah, the pool represents solitude and equality. She can be totally by herself, and not have to worry about talking to anyone. Being submerged underwater is silent for anyone, not just her. For a moment, she can feel equal to everyone else. It is the one place where she is not being asked to speak, not being spoken to, and not missing out on noise. Anyone who goes underwater will hear silence, and I would imagine it is comforting to her to know she is the same as anyone else, even if just for a moment. The pool is her escape. 3. Our book defines the social exchange theory as being drawn to those who are able to offer benefits to you without asking for much in return. This is an interesting idea, and while I think it can be applied to most relationships, I do not think James and Sarah fit in this theory. Sarah and James do not have much in common, and neither has anything very huge or substantial to offer (no great deal of money, no great power, no great control, etc). James does tell Sarah she is the most beautiful and mysterious girl he has ever met, and Sarah tells James he is the nicest man she has ever met. They do offer each-other the benefit of compassion, love and companionship. But their relationship is far from perfect. James asks a lot from Sarah. He asks her personal questions she is not comfortable with answering and he asks her to let him help her speak, which she makes very clear is something she never intends to do. Sarah tries James patience, saying he is only with her because he wants to fix her and just wants to be with a blind girl just to say he has like every other hearing man. Their relationship is strained, and their expectations for eachother are strong enough to end the relationship. I do not think the social exchange theory applies to them. 4. The certainty reduction theory says that people always look for what they know what is certain in themselves and others. Predictibility is favored in relationships. This is true especially for Sarah. She admits she has never let anyone in, and says she has never been hurt by anyone. It is normal for her to have a wall up, and that is what is comfortable for her. She is constantly going back behind the wall and shutting down and shutting people out, like she did with James. Sarah does not like change; she would rather be in her silent world that she has known for her entire life. James tries to threaten that silence, and she reacts with anger and hostility. The social penetration theory can definitely be seen in their relationship. When Sarah and James first began to talk, they talked about school, mopping, and jobs. Sarah made it difficult for James to talk about anything deep, and she often abruptly ended conversations. As they got closer and their relationship deepened, they t alked about deeper topics, such as Sarahs dark past and why she pushes people away. Sarah admits she loves James and needs him and feels lonely without him, which is a huge break through since she told him earlier she never lets anyone in.

Analysis of Walking Across Egypt by Clyde Edgerton Essay -- Clyde Edge

Analysis of Walking Across Egypt by Clyde Edgerton Mattie Rigsbee is the main character in Clyde Edgerton's southern style novel, Walking Across Egypt. Mattie is a seventy-eight year old widow with two middle-aged children. Living alone in a small house, she makes sure that everything is taken care of. She cooks, cleans, mows the lawn, and takes up numerous responsibilities with the church. She is a very caring person with many friends and a family that loves her dearly. At the time this novel takes place, Mattie is at a turning point in her life. Confusion disturbed her, because the things that people are telling her are not the words that she is ready or willing to hear. Although begins to display some signs of aging, and her family is trying to convince her to slow down her lifestyle, Mattie's character and mind setting prohibits her from becoming the stereotypical elder. She must make a decision in which direction to turn. As Mattie grows older, she notices that she is beginning to display some signs that people in her state of North Carolina associate with the elderly. These signs are influencing her decisions about what she thinks she can and cannot do. She displays typical, elderly forgetfulness as she washes the toilet seat with mouthwash rather than with alcohol. And again displays it as she falls through the bottomless rocking chair. Later she displays physical inability when she asks her son Robert about helping with some yard work, which she had always ta... Analysis of Walking Across Egypt by Clyde Edgerton Essay -- Clyde Edge Analysis of Walking Across Egypt by Clyde Edgerton Mattie Rigsbee is the main character in Clyde Edgerton's southern style novel, Walking Across Egypt. Mattie is a seventy-eight year old widow with two middle-aged children. Living alone in a small house, she makes sure that everything is taken care of. She cooks, cleans, mows the lawn, and takes up numerous responsibilities with the church. She is a very caring person with many friends and a family that loves her dearly. At the time this novel takes place, Mattie is at a turning point in her life. Confusion disturbed her, because the things that people are telling her are not the words that she is ready or willing to hear. Although begins to display some signs of aging, and her family is trying to convince her to slow down her lifestyle, Mattie's character and mind setting prohibits her from becoming the stereotypical elder. She must make a decision in which direction to turn. As Mattie grows older, she notices that she is beginning to display some signs that people in her state of North Carolina associate with the elderly. These signs are influencing her decisions about what she thinks she can and cannot do. She displays typical, elderly forgetfulness as she washes the toilet seat with mouthwash rather than with alcohol. And again displays it as she falls through the bottomless rocking chair. Later she displays physical inability when she asks her son Robert about helping with some yard work, which she had always ta...

Primary education Essay

According to the Kenyan government, education is â€Å"A long term objective to provide basic quality education to enhance Kenyans ability to preserve and utilize the environment for productive and sustainable livelihoods, to develop quality of the human race; to realize the universal access to education and training for all including the disadvantaged and the vulnerable and as a necessary tool for development and protection of the democratic institutions of human rights† (Ministry Of Education Science and Technology, 2005 pp2). The current Kenyan education system consists of Early Childhood Education, primary and secondary education. Early Childhood Education takes one year. At the end of the primary education, pupils sit for the Kenya Certificate of Primary Education (KCPE) prepared by the Kenya National Examination Council. Performance in the KCPE determines who is admitted to secondary schools. At the end of secondary education, students sit for the Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education. Primary school education in Kenya is a basic and is considered the root of all formal and informal learning in Kenya. Free and compulsory primary education for Kenyan children was one of the key pre-election promises that led the NARC government led by President Mwai Kibaki, to ascend to power in December 2002. Since then, an estimated 1. 5 million children, who were previously out-of school, have turned up to attend classes (Paul Kenya, 2008). The free Primary Education policy was first implemented in January 2003. The FPE policy focuses on attaining Education For all and in particular, Universal Primary Education. Key concerns are access, retention, equity, quality and relevance and internal and external efficiencies within the education system (Ministry Of Education Science and Technology, 2005a, pp3). Through the FPE policy, the NARC government scrutinized the current 8-4-4 systems, which had previously been coupled with retention and reduced enrolment before it came to power. The policy’s focus is on â€Å"quality education and training as a human right in accordance to Kenya law and international conventions† (Ministry Of Education Science and Technology, 2005 pp3). VISION Quality education for development. (Elimu bora Kwa Maendeleo) MISSION To provide, promote and co-ordinate lifelong education, training and research for KLenya’s sustainable development. POLICY OBJECTIVES 1. To achieve education for all (EFA) by 2015 2. To achieve transition rate of 70% from primary to secondary from the current rate of 57% 3. To enhance access, equity and quality primary education 4. To achieve 50% improvement levels of literacy by 2015 5. To attain universal primary education (UPE). This is in line with the United Nation’s Millennium Development Goals 6. To reduce the number of primary school children drop outs. ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE POLICY 1. Increase in number of children enrolled in primary schools. Primary education has witnessed phenomenal growth since the policy was established. The number of primary school pupils rose dramatically from 5. 9 million in 2002 to 7. 6 million in 2005 to 82. 78 in 2009, according to a World Bank report, published in 2010 2. Significant reduction in the repetition rate. The number of students repeating and dropping out has reduced significantly() this may be attributed to the fact that parents no longer have to think about paying school fees. CHALLENGES FACED BY THE POLICY. 1. Delays in Funds Disbursement Delays in distributing funds to support free primary school education is one of the challenges facing the policy implementation. This has frustrated many teachers, put pressure and on parents financial burdens. Teachers thus lack motivation to teach the increasing number of pupils as a result of the introduction of the policy. 2. Teacher Shortages A UNESCO survey on the evaluation of the Free Primary policy (UNESCO, 2005) indicates that the teacher: pupil ratio, in a significant number of schools was 1:70 which was far beyond the recommended maximum rate of 1:40. Such a high ratio has got challenges. For example, teachers find it impossible to pay attention to all learners, especially the slow ones. Also teachers were not able to give adequate assignments to the pupils, as they could not cope with the marking and teaching workload (UNESCO, 2005). 3. Teacher-Learning Facilities There is a challenge in the limited teacher-learning facilities, which forces pupils to share. Sharing of facilities such as textbooks, exercise books, pens e. t. c has affected pupil’s accessibility to the books while at home and many have to do their homework early in the morning the next day when in school. There is also the issue of inadequate physical facilities where most schools did not have adequate classroom to accommodate the large number of pupils enrolled under the FPE programmes. 4. Managerial Skills Most school managers (the head teachers) are not well equipped in managerial skills. This is to say that their managerial skills are poor and these results to poor results by the schools they head as well as mismanagement of available funds. 5. Mobility from Public to Private and within Public Schools This may not be a major challenge but it still is a challenge. Teachers complain that pupils’ frequent transfers from one school to another at any point of the term and in any class affect content delivery. This may be as a result of a preference for free and cheaper education, school availability and its proximity as well as the highest grade offered in a school. A lower fee is also a factor, and cheaper or free schools seemed to be an important motivation for school transfer. 6. Embezzlement of Funds and Corruption Embezzlement of funds is a core challenge. Some government officials are corrupt and hence there is mismanagement or misallocation of funds that are allocated to them, (UNESCO, 2005). For instance, the sponsor’s funds; this makes some children who are poor miss the opportune moments of schooling. I addition to that, senior officials in the Ministry of Education, in Kenya have been accused of protecting corrupt headmasters suspected of embezzling funds because they are also indirectly benefiting from incentives that are being paid by parents, disgruntled senior education officials have revealed, (UNESCO, 2005). RECCOMENDATIONS 1. Timely release of funds. Funds should be released as soon as they are available. This will ensure the teachers and students remain motivated to learn. 2. Increase numbers of teachers employed and increase their wages. Increasing the number of teachers permanently employed in public primary schools will help to take care of the teacher-student ratio. Increasing their wages will also ensure that the teachers are motivated to do their work well. 3. Investing in Teacher-Learning Facilities. The government should invest in building more classrooms to reduce the current congestion in the classrooms. The government should also work hand in hand with sponsors and international investors to ensure the pupils have enough books, pens and other facilities needed by both teachers and pupils. 4. Training of managers. Heads of schools should be trained on how to manage the funds given to them as well as efficiently running the schools. 5. Monitor ministry officials and those handling the funds. An organization or body that can monitor the ministry officials and those handling the funds such as the anti-corruption commission of Kenya to ensure that those handing the funds are not corrupt and those caught in corrupt practices face the law. REFERENCES 1. UNESCO (2005). Challenges of implementing free primary education in Kenya: assessment report. Kenya. Nairobi: Ministry of Education, Science & Technology. 2. Okwach, A. and George, O. (1997). Efficiency of primary education in Kenya: situational analysis and implications for educational reform. Nairobi: Institute of Policy Analysis and Research. 3. UNESCO (2006). Fact book on education for all, UNESCO Nairobi 4. Voss, R. ; Bedi, A. ; Kimalu, P. K. ; Manda,D. K. ; Nafula,N. N; Kimenyi, M. S. Achieving universal primary education: Can Kenya Afford it? University of Connecticut: Department of Economics working paper series.